PINE NEEDLES AS BIOINDICATOR OF POLLUTION BY TRACE ELEMENTS FROM CEMENT-LIMESTONE INDUSTRY IN CENTRALEASTERN POLAND
Rafał KOZŁOWSKI1, Mirosław SZWED2* & Witold ŻUKOWSKI3
1,2Jan Kochanowski University, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, ul. Świętokrzyska 15, 25-406 Kielce, Poland *Corresponding author: Department of Environmental Protection and Modelling, e-mail: mireneusz@interia.pl
3Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
Abstract
DOI: 10.26471/cjees/2019/014/102
This article presents the results of studies on the pollution of atmospheric air by trace elements in the area of the so-called “Białe Zagłębie” located in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains. Bioindication studies involved two-year-old needles of Scots pine Pinus silvestris L., collected in 2016. Chemical analysis carried out at the Environmental Research Laboratory showed differences in pH and chemical composition of washed and unwashed needles. The largest differences in metal concentrations were found for Al - 95.33 mg. kg-1 , Fe - 29.24 mg. kg-1 and Zn - 4.25 mg. kg-1 . Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the needles’ surface revealed changes resulting from pollution of stoma opening and closing by small solid particles of anthropogenic origins, mechanically disturbing a gas exchange. Analysis of the chemical composition showed that the largest share in the total weight of needle, apart from C and O, belonged to Pb, Si, Ca, Fe and Al.
- air
- pollution
- biomonitoring
- trace
- elements
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© 2019 by the author(s). Licensee CJEES, Carpathian Association of Environment and Earth Sciences. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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